paragraph about communication

طالب نشيط السٌّمعَة : 35 نقاط : 1936

Communication is usually described along
three major dimensions: content, form, and destination. Examples of
communication content include acts that declare knowledge and
experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may
take many forms, including gestures (nonverbal communication, sign
language and body language), writing, or verbal speaking. The form
depends on the symbol systems used. Together, communication content and
form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can
be oneself, another person (in interpersonal communication), or another
entity (such as a corporation or group).

There are many theories of communication, and a commonly held assumption
is that communication must be directed towards another person or
entity. This essentially ignores intrapersonal communication (note
intra-, not inter-) via diaries or self-talk.

Interpersonal conversation can occur in dyads and groups of various
sizes, and the size of the group impacts the nature of the talk.
Small-group communication takes place in settings of between three and
12 individuals, and differs from large group interaction in companies or
communities. At the largest level, mass communication describes
messages sent to huge numbers of individuals through mass media,
although there is debate if this is an interpersonal conversation.

Communication theories

The wide range of theories about communication make summarization
difficult. However, a basic model of communication describes
communication as a five-step output-input process that entails a
sender's creation (or encoding) of a message, and the message's
transmission through a channel or medium. This message is received and
then interpreted. Finally this message is responded to, which completes
the process of communication. This model is based on a model of signal
transmission known as the Shannon-Weaver model. A related model can be
seen in the work of Roman Jakobson.
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Communication mediums

The beginning of human communication through artificial channels, i.e.
not vocalization or gestures, goes back to ancient cave paintings, drawn
maps, and writing.

Our indebtedness to the Ancient Romans in the field of communication
does not end with the Latin root "communicare". They devised what might
be described as the first real mail or postal system in order to
centralize control of the empire from Rome. This allowed for personal
letters and for Rome to gather knowledge about events in its many
widespread provinces.

In the last century, a revolution in telecommunications has greatly
altered communication by providing new mediums for long distance
communication. The first transatlantic two-way radio broadcast occurred
on July 25, 1920 and led to common communication via analog and digital
mediums:

* Analog telecommunications include traditional Telephony, radio, and TV broadcasts.
* Digital telecommunications allow for computer-mediated communication, telegraphy, and computer networks.

Communications mediums impact more than the reach of messages. They
impact content and customs; for example, Thomas Edison had to discover
that hello was the least ambiguous greeting by voice over a distance;
previous greetings such as hail tended to be garbled in the
transmission. Email has produced the Emoticon

Significantly, new communication mediums now allow for intense
long-distance exchanges between larger numbers of people (many-to-many
communication via e-mail, Internet forums). On the other hand, many
traditional mass media favor one-to-many communication (television,
cinema).

The adoption of a dominant communication medium is important enough that
historians have folded civilization into "ages" according to the
medium most widely used. A book titled "Five Epochs of Civilization" by
William McGaughey (Thistlerose, 2000) divides history into the
following stages: Ideographic writing produced the first civilization;
alphabetic writing, the second; printing, the third; electronic
recording and broadcasting, the fourth; and computer communication, the
fifth.

While it could be argued that these "Epochs" are just a historian's
construction, digital and computer communication shows concrete evidence
of changing the way humans organize. The latest trend in
communication, termed smartmobbing, involves ad-hoc organization
through mobile devices, allowing for effective many-to-many
communication and social networking.

Talking is the direct and quick way for communication. Something that is
communicated by or to or between people or groups. Between people, you
have to speak out what you want to say or complain what you can't
tolerate any more. Under this communication, then others can understand
it easily. If you do no choose to say it and keep it as a secret, then
you can't expect others to know you. It is mission impossible to
everyone. No matter what methods you take as talking, writing, and even
use your body language, all you have to do is express it out.
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Communication barriers

The following factors can impede human communication:

Not understanding the language
Verbal and non-verbal messages are in a different language. This
includes not understanding the jargon or idioms used by another
sub-culture or group.
Not understanding the context
Not knowing the history of the occasion, relationship, or culture.
Obfuscation
Intentionally scrambling the messages.
Distraction
Not giving adequate attention to processing the message in real-time, perhaps because of multitasking.
Lack of backchannel cues in asynchronous communication
The inability to give immediate feedback such as a question
("what?") or acknowledgement ("I see") may lead to larger
misunderstandings.
Lack of time
There is not enough time to communicate with everyone.
Physics
Physical barriers to the transmission of messages, such as
background noise, facing the wrong way, talking too softly, and physical
distance.
Medical issues
Hearing loss and various brain conditions can hamper communication.
Beliefs
World-views may discourage one person from listening to another.
Emotions
Fear and anxiety associated with communication is known by some
Psychologists as communication apprehension. Besides apprehension,
communication can be impaired via processes such as bypassing,
indiscrimination, and polarization